ʻIf you take your time and leave the familiar paths of recognition, very idiosyncratic images open up that tell of nature and its dimension, which is in principle almost impossible to comprehend. They reveal something that is otherwise not visible, as it names the unmanageable changeability of nature. This becomes particularly clear in Melanie Wiora's video Turmoil (Aufruhr) from 2018, which shows a turbulent water surface, which in the film has been transformed into a dramatically slowed down contemporary document using a special technique. The film is underlaid with the sound of rushing water, wind and, in places, sine tones, taking us into a familiar and at the same time strangely alien world, conjuring up notions of primeval times and the history of the earth. All works from the Natura series report on this violence and power of nature and its continuous change, which can be guessed at in the exchange between solid and liquid or gaseous. Accordingly, Wiora herself speaks of the 'nature of nature' that we encounter in her works. [...]

In the Eyescapes Wiora records the reflections of the surroundings in her own, mostly left, eye. The strangest views of the world were created in this way, all distorted by the curvature of the eye, often limited by reflecting eyelashes and regularly transferred to a large format. In these pictures, if you will, the world is in the artist's eye. And this enables to fill the landscapes with one's own memories through her gaze. They invite you to do so because of their intentional openness, which leaves plenty of scope for the viewer's imagination. As with the Natura works, the question of what is there to be seen arises again and again, in order to compare it with the pool of one's own head images and to fill it with content. [...]

Melanie Wiora's pictures direct the senses to a deeper or perhaps purer level of seeing and understanding, where things are not presented in the costume of everyday life. What the artist releases for viewing appears strange and new, since it is deliberately not easy to absorb or consume. [...] It is this 'inner view', coupled with the question of how a changed image of the world can convey more about the subject than just its lifelike likeness, that Melanie Wiora consistently pursues.ʼ

In “Strong Women – Melanie Wiora”, exhibition brochure, Neuer Kunstverein Aschaffenburg, 2020
Excerpt from the opening speech “The View”, 2019, Solo Exhibition, City Gallery Eichenmüllerhaus, Lemgo, Germany

When it comes to beauty, and not last the beauty of a landscape, being in the eye of the beholder, Melanie Wiora's works start from one step further back. Her Eyescapes depict the motif in the eye of the artist, quite literally. In the artist's own words:

“My video depicts the reflection of a river landscape on my eye. I filmed the images in the moment I saw them and simultaneously started turning around. The entire surrounding landscape becomes visible and capable of being experienced in the process. The video loop consists of a calm opening sequence in which a tree is reflected in my eye. During the subsequent turning movement I ʻfeelʼ the landscape with my eye. It traverses its surface. My gaze steadily climbs upwards, winding its way up into the sky like a spiral. My eye ultimately registers the top of the tree from the opening sequence and moves along its trunk down to the starting point of the action. With that the loop closes and the sequence starts anew. Because of the shape of the eye the reflected landscape is distorted and altered in its three-dimensionality. The colors of the iris and the pupil ʻinfuseʼ the reflections of the landscape. My eyelashes and lids are also reflected and guide the viewer's gaze into the scene. The result is an insight and outlook into an altered world.”

In her video Eyescapes – By the water Melanie Wiora brings the viewing subject and the perceived landscape together in one picture. The outcome is another picture: we see the landscape through the reflecting eyes of the artist and also experience her as a viewing subject. The realization that aesthetic acquisition and interpretation are necessary to turn a selected section of nature into a landscape is addressed perfectly in the work. The video also has an additional connotation in this era of ʻfake newsʼ: Melanie Wiora also reveals who here establishes the way the world is viewed.

In “Bloße Landschaft”, Katalog, Elke Keiper (Editor), Städtische Galerie Waldkraiburg, 2019

“The only true voyage … would be not to visit strange lands but to possess other eyes ... ” Marcel Proust ¹

We perceive the world around us primarily with our eyes, each of us doing so in our own unique way. Perception is a complex process, during which we filter what we have perceived through our experiences and memories and compare it to the apparently realistic picture of the world as is provided by the medium of photography. Today, even though experts are needed to detect digital manipulation of images, we nevertheless know that this medium is subjective to the same extent. Melanie Wiora seeks to visualise this interface between a personal inner view and a supposedly objective one in her photographic and cinematic works.

In this vein, Wiora’s photo series Eyescapes shows images of different landscapes reflected in the eye of the artist. By enhancing the contrast, the landscapes are made visible, and the motifs merge with the shape and colour of her iris and pupil. The veiled lustre that characterises the shots results from the moist surface of her eye. The distortion and curvature of the landscapes are due to the convex shape of the eye, and the coarseness is a result of the extreme magnification. Being privy to this intimate view, one seems to become lost not only in Wiora’s eye, but also in the depth of the landscape motif itself. At the top of the image the lashes of the artist protrude into the picture like thorns. They frame each image like a curtain that allows us to look upon the stage where the scene is being played. We see the world through her eyes.

The images from Eyescapes demand an inquiry into the definition of the relationship between the landscape and its perception. In his text “Why landscape?” from 1996, the art historian Andreas Bee focused his thoughts on the following insight: “In the landscape a section of nature is perceived aesthetically by an observer. Thus, the origin of the landscape is not nature, but the sensuously comprehending subject.”2 Picking out a section of nature and treating it as the model does not necessarily create a landscape. This is created only by the epistemological act of perception. Our perception is therefore the result of our personal, selective view and of our cultural background. Wiora visualises this by putting both the eye and the landscape together in one picture and thus appears to reveal her own view or way of seeing.

The Eyescapes are portraits in the broadest sense. In portraits, in addition to presenting the physical resemblance to the living original, the intention generally consists of bringing out the essence or the personality of the portrayed person. Because human facial expressions are so important, the portrait usually shows the person’s face. However, in these “self-portraits” Wiora concentrates on only a tiny section of her face. The viewer’s subjective level of perception is connected to the supposedly objective reality of the landscape. Thus, the artist separates herself from the documentary nature of photography and shows instead apparently personal images of reality – her landscapes.

Melanie Wiora’s fascination with landscapes continues in her series Natura. In it she focuses on landscapes in moments of transition, such as bubbling bodies of water or fog draping mountain ranges. The photographs contain an extraordinarily inherent power and drama. The artist explains, “I try to confront the familiar with images that go beyond a representation of the external appearance. My intention is to illustrate the character and essence of what is being represented, the nature of nature.” She succeeds by not simply photographing natural forms but by transforming and optimising them on the computer so that the essence of nature is even more recognisable. Through the process of digitally altered colours and contrast curves, the photographs appear predominantly cold and gloomy, and abstract as a result of the motifs’ reduction and a lack of their sense of scale. The images create a feeling of uncertainty in the viewer regarding what he actually sees. We are forced to look closely and still it remains unclear as to what physical state nature is in, whether we are dealing with fog, water, rock or ice, and where the sky begins and the earth ends. There is no mistaking that the artist studied painting at the beginning of her career. Images such as Natura II or Natura XXI remind us of Gerhard Richter’s seascapes from the 1970s. Here, too, the horizon lines are not clearly defined. In his Seestück, 1975 [375] the water and sky nearly merge into one another. The perceived sensation of abstraction is increased by the fragmentary nature of the depicted subject and the indeterminate location.

This could be called a sort of formalism; however, with Wiora it is only a means to an end in order to create images that can release many possible associations in the viewer. One is drawn into atmospheric scenarios while a world opens up that sometimes appears surrealistic.

This also applies to Wiora’s most recent video works, Eruptions (2014) and Rise and Fall (2015). The former shows a mud volcano which slowly becomes visible as the mist of escaping vapours begins to clear. In the second video you can see a close-up of the eruption of a geyser. The artist filmed the video with a special high-speed camera so that the movements can be shown in extreme slow motion, making visible to the viewer even the most minute details. The images are accompanied by the sound of rushing water, the flow of the blood stream and the sounds of human breathing. The primordial power and rhythm of nature are intensified by adding sounds from inside the human body. Man and nature come together in a living organism, join in symbiosis. The merging of structures and forms is reflected more clearly in the moving pictures than in the photographs. It displays continuous change from one state to the next rather than intermediate stages. In Eruptions wild, bubbling water mingles with fog that flows from all directions. In Rise and Fall the water moves in opposite directions, both ascending and descending. Wiora makes corrections in colour and contrast during post-production here as well to intensify the experience of nature. The final colour spectrum resembles that of the photographs in Natura. The colour palette in Eruptions moves within a broad range of shades of blue. Rise and Fall begins in shades of dark grey and blue, opens up at the eruption into a spectrum of turquoise which then merges into a grey colouring. Taking the individual video frames for themselves, they are similar in content to the abstract nature of the photographs. The drops take on seemingly crystalline forms or are reminiscent of splashes of paint.

Melanie Wiora’s harsh, dynamic images present us with the primal forces of nature, which are subject to permanent change of growth and decay. In contrast to the landscape, nature is regarded as being independent of any subject who may be there. Nature refers to the entire “natural” segment of phenomena. We are a part of nature, just as the landscape is, in a certain way, part of nature or rather an independent section of the larger context of nature. The photographs in the Natura series as well as Wiora’s video works are thus, in a figurative sense, an image of humanity, by becoming an expression of the importance of one’s self-perception.

In all the works seen here in Travelling Beyond Melanie Wiora takes us on a journey that goes beyond our everyday experience and also expands our perception. Her pictures of landscapes are connotative complexes of symbols that offer room for interpretation, while never denying their autonomy. Due to their idiosyncratic aesthetics, a process of transformation towards unique visual worlds takes place, which the viewers are actively involved in with their spirit and imagination.

The photographer Melanie Wiora also works at the interface between the ››I‹‹ and the outside world. in her Eyescapes series, she gets so close to her eyes when taking photographs that she can capture the landscapes reflected in her eyes. By showing the viewer directly what she, the photographer, sees in this way, she reverses the process of photographing. The artist does not control the generation of the image, but rather the apparatus generates the image from the organ of vision itself. The eye, both window to the world and mirror of the soul, is present as an extremely sensitive organ of perception through the eyelashes that appear in the image. In a further reversal, the maximum closeness to the subject of the picture paradoxically produces its maximum resolution: fragmentary and only out of focus, mountains, a stream, railway tracks or a lake become more imaginable than recognizable. Different levels of the image slide into one another, the convex curvature of the eyeball distorts perspective, the pupil and lens overlay motifs or become motifs themselves. Where outside and inside coincide, where the world finds its way into the human being, he can – loosely based on Friedrich Schleiermacher – experience the universe acting upon him. Not as a shaper and creator, but in the consciousness of what God has created, he may become one with the infinite in the midst of finitude and be eternal in a moment.

In “Im Schein des Unendlichen. Romantik und Gegenwart”, Catalog Museum Sinclair-Haus, Johannes Janssen, Martina Padberg (Editors), Wienand Verlag, Cologne, Germany, 2012

This is what we see: Water – rearing up, foaming, splashing; in eruptions, fountains, waves and wild currents. All this is displayed in indefinable depths, yet powerful, and almost always against a dark sky and permeated by a dense fog. The water is presented in all different refractions, clear as day and awash with sea spray, almost every drop of it recognizable, yet blurred movements flow to the side. There can be no question that the artist Melanie Wiora, who studied painting, understands her artwork well as a photographer.

Large color images are presented in this new series by Melanie Wiora. As dramatic as the situation in each individual image appears, the positioning of the camera is still difficult to determine. Where exactly the waves foam, where the geysers spray, where the horizon of water, fog and clouds lies, Wiora does not tell us. What matters to her is both the power that the image creates, and the fragment of wild events which she photographed. Together, these priorities both follow a logic which – as in her earlier work – orients itself on the perception of images in general. A first indication is given by the choice of the title of this new series: Natura.

“I would like to suggest that we can better understand nature if we understand it as a cultural product subjugated by historical change,” writes the Hildeshim philosopher Tilman Borsche, and then goes on to address the dissolution of the concept of nature ever since the Renaissance. Throughout ancient times and the Christian-influenced Middle Ages, the term ‘nature’ was used to describe the divine nature of the individual. Today it is still heard in sayings such as “It is in his nature.” However, ever since man has become the object both of his own self-knowledge and of science, nature has come to mean the unknown, the other, the wild, the indefinite, but also the fascinating – both in the positive and negative sense. After working on the act of seeing and the human image in her impressive series up to now, Melanie Wiora places her new work at the interface between shock and surprise, between curiosity and rejection, and for this she has chosen the most appropriate medium: photography.

It is the first technical image medium to become second nature to us in our own information processing. There is no place on Earth we can go that we have not already seen in some media. When we remember something, it is difficult to distinguish between the real experience and the medial image. Both have been perceived in the real sense of the word. But a new problem has cropped up among these images, and that is the central issue in this series by Melanie Wiora: How does our own nature deal with the images of the unknown, the other and the natural world? Is it possible for us to recognize these as such? How do you embrace a picture of nature without having a real situation to remember? Melanie Wiora not only introduces a classic problem of perception of photography, but asks directly about the meaning and effect of visual art.

The philosopher Baruch Spinoza considered natura naturans and God to be identical, a nature which creates itself, this idea strongly contrasting with the scholastic natura naturata, the manmade nature-like things, as described by Martin Heidegger later. Had Melanie Wiora limited herself to the natura mediata – meaning the mere depiction of natural forms – her work would hardly be recognizable, much less describable, as art. But she has created the natura medians, which moves itself into the picture or which represents itself. She points her camera at the action and captures the image, but her art does not stop there. The resulting picture of the event or situation is merely raw material. In the classic work process it would be the sketch or study. In analog photography it would be the negative or slide, but not the final image, the appearance on paper in the exhibition and book. So the result is a natura medians, showing a picture of nature that may appear probable if we look at it, yet we also recognize it as nature that is created, produced, or shaped, namely as the art of Melanie Wiora.

After the photograph is before the photograph, the media theorist Hubertus von Amelunxen once wrote cryptically – and in the Natura pictures by Melanie Wiora one would be quite apt to agree with this statement. No photograph remains unchanged when it becomes a picture. Contrast and color adjustments, the choice of the printing process, determination of size, surface, framing – these are all measures with only one goal, and that is indeed the same before, during and after the photograph: a picture or a series of pictures. In this respect, Melanie Wiora aims at a specific result: the best picture.

In her photographic works Melanie Wiora uses a very specific color scale, one which at first glance may appear somewhat cool. Many of her pictures show an overcast, cloudy sky. The basic light corresponds to a rainy day in Western or Central Europe: it is bluish gray and direct sunlight rarely makes an appearance. All this holds true for the new pictures also, and yet they are different. For the first time color and contrast are not used as a narrative, but as elements of the composition. More than in any of the other series by Melanie Wiora, you first see here a carefully composed space, and only then do you begin to alternate between the vague recognition of a situation and the viewing of a composed space. It is nearly impossible for the observing eye to stop moving back and forth. Monochrome sensations stimulate the brain, and the search to determine the scale of the scene to solve the puzzle may cause the viewer to despair. But whatever you see, they are still pictures, even beautiful ones, and occasionally perhaps even eerily beautiful.

The colors are responsible for the chill felt by the viewer. No blue sky comes to lighten the viewer’s disposition. Dark clouds threaten, and often there are clouds and walls of fog blocking the view from the depths. Here and there areas of precise water formations appear, yet they are strictly delineated and impossible to locate in the depths of the image. These areas are often significantly brighter than the surrounding curtain of air, water, and fog. This movement within the image also serves a function of perception. The observation is thrown back into the picture itself. Thus, it can accept the picture as a surface, similar to the ideas of Cezanne, who viewed every picture as a piece of painted canvas and thus was a pioneer of abstract art. Therefore, it is good to view the pictures of Melanie Wiora from the perspective of abstract photography.

Snapping the pictures back into the photographic plane opens us up to the small sensations of which the pictures of the Natura series offer many: First, there are the many microstructures of spray and overlapping foaming waves which can be seen as informel persisting in front of the form. They lend the pictures a structure which is part and parcel of all abstract art. On the other hand, in small areas of the image it provides islands of realization: closed circles, bark-like bars, dark delineated squares. They are usually not recognized as separate forms, but provide the viewer with the necessary elements of interest to be moved by the image. Finally the path ends which first led to the picture and then back away from it, while looking at diagonal and horizontal space dividers formed by waves, spray and quiet zones of the water. These make up the actual image.

Nevertheless, formalism is not the primary concern of the artist Melanie Wiora. She begins her work with the great wonder of the knowing eye, then she seeks out the necessary techniques of implementation, and finally, one after another, quietly emerge a series of images that can release a multitude of associations on the one hand, but on the other hand develop such a large life of their own that they each could stand alone. They are technically generated images. They take a moment out of nature and give it to us viewers in highly developed forms. Finally, they stand for themselves; they are themselves – simply as images natura medians.

In “Melanie Wiora – Natura”, catalogue, Dr. Isabella Kreim (editor), Kunstverein Ingolstadt, Revolver Publishing, 2010

Natural phenomena are the defining theme of Melanie Wiora's latest photo series “Natura”. Above all, it is the elemental forces of water that she brings to the fore. Nature as an archaic, wild and uncontrollable force is brought back into our consciousness as an alternative to our high-tech reality. In doing so, Wiora shows in every picture the force, violence, but also harmony of nature, which we as humans are facing sometimes amazed, moved or even helpless.

In her photographs there is no bright blue sky that could form a clear contrast or evoke a distinct mood, but the horizon is mostly cloudy, cool tones determine the color palette. In the foreground of the photo work "Natura I", for example, one can see waves that pound the beach in the rhythm of the tides, while behind them in the right half of the picture a water fountain shoots up like a detonation. The foreground and background are often enigmatic, as in "Natura XI", a means that the artist consciously uses to counteract a documentary perception of landscapes.

It is the simultaneity of the non-simultaneous, the tension between the constant return of an eternal rhythm and the brute force of the seas that Wiora deliberately creates through technical alienation. In this way, mysterious visual moments are created, enhanced by blurring, which the artist transfers to the subjective perception of the viewer.

Ankündigung der Ausstellung “Natura” im Hohenloher Kunstverein, 2011

One of the central themes of Melanie Wiora’s work is the relationship between the mental world and the possibility of its photographic representation. The artist emblematically highlights the connection between reality, image and the eye of the beholder, elements whose mutual relationships determine the nature of the photograph.

In the photographs of the Eyescapes series we see simple subjects first of all: a city skyline, houses, trees and streets. These scenarios are delimited in the upper part of the image by a rounded horizon with no sharply defined lines. This is in fact the close-up image of an eye that fills up the photographic field with the environment reflected in its convex iris. Melanie Wiora uses a digital camera to photograph her own eye and then processes the photograph by computer to make the effects of reflection more clearly recognizable.

Eyescapes, the title of the series, alludes to the genre of landscape painting. By replacing “land” with “eye”, the artist significantly suggests the idea of the iris as canvas and the subjective landscape of the eye. The extreme close-up photographs of the iris show an image of the world reflected in the eye of the beholder, which is the photograph itself in this case. We thus see what Melanie Wiora sees and the images become a metaphor of the essence of photography: not an authentic representation of the world but a reproduction of what the photographer wants to show us, her specific way of looking at reality. Finally, as the artist herself recalls, the second and crucial element influencing the content and message of photograph is the observer: “I’m interested in creating pictures which provide viewers with insights. Not confined purely to visual perception, the pictures also rouse the imagination and memories.”

Franziska Nori (project director CCCS), Christiane Feser, published in the catalogue accompanying the exhibition “Manipulating Reality - How Images redefine the World”, 2009, Centro di Cultura Contemporanea Strozzina, Palazzo Strozzi, Florence

My video installation Eyescapes - By the Water shows three projections of a river landscape. The pictures are reflections on my eye that I filmed while looking into the landscape. The landscape as well as the lashes and the lids are mirrored. The colours of the iris and the pupil partially overlap the scenery. In effect, the installation shows views into a familiar, yet changed world.

The three video projections consist of a calm sequence, in which the eye focuses on a tree. The following sequence shows a rotary motion in which the images of the surrounding landscape pass through the surface of the eye. The eye moves slowly upward into the sky. When the eye scanning the landscape seizes the fork of the tree the direction of the movement changes. The eye lowers down to the river scenery again. The cycle is repeated.

The video projections are temporally shifted. In effect the landscape seems to move from left to right. The impression of rotation becomes intensified. The space created by the three projections is developing a strong rhythm of calm and movement.

Since the very beginning of the portrait genre, there has been a fine line between realistic reproduction and idealized representation. Since antiquity a significant factor has been how close an individual’s beauty comes to perfection.¹ This has always been connected to the question as to whether or not mankind was made in the image of God. Epochal styles, social conventions, clothing, jewelry and other accessories, insignia of status and also an artist’s individuality, the wishes of the portrait’s subject, representational conventions or media ideals have always influenced the appearance of the portrait. So one mustn’t be surprised that in this regard photography has chosen painting as its model from the beginning. In particular, August Sander’s series “Antlitz der Zeit” (‘Face of the time’) published in 1929 made clear that despite extremely realistic methods of representation, the individual always represents his or her status. Thus, with her portrait photography Melanie Wiora takes her place in the long tradition of fine arts which taught us to analyze and understand the portraits not only iconographically, but also by paying close attention to the composition.

The canvases in the series “Outside is in me” are always arranged into two main parts, which are divided into the foreground and background, one being the face and the other a city or industrial scene. The buildings, like the heads, are closely cropped by the edges of the canvas. The portraits are either nearly seen from the front – actually, one would have to say ‘half portraits’, because they are sometimes cut in half by the left or right side – or the heads are portrayed in an imagined three-quarter view from the left or the right. The subjects look either right past the viewer and slightly upward out of the picture or directly forward. Nearly all the subjects have their mouths closed. They maintain a neutral expression. In spite of the extreme, even intimate closeness; the men and women appear unapproachable.

The background motifs are composed carefully. This is how the pictures achieve their balance. The grid-like structure of simple apartment blocks (in “Jan”), the intricate old brick building (in “Bashar”), the skyscraper (in “Peggy”) or the elegant curve of a modern-looking building (in “Emma II”) as aesthetic complements to the pictures of the ‘incomplete’ faces. Compositional lines and curves of the architectural works or landscapes pick up on those in the portraits. Power supply lines in “Peggy”, for example, emphasize the oblique upward glance. The roof of the brick building in “Bashar” continues the horizontal line of his nose. A multistoried glass block of a building creates the optical counterbalance to the sensuous mouth of “Farideh”.

Melanie Wiora joins the picture elements and levels into a harmonious whole. Her method of composition has been used in portraits since the Renaissance. Proceeding like a painter, Melanie Wiora has reworked her photographs afterwards on the computer, has retouched some elements, has intensified color values and has changed shadings. Both in the faces and in the backgrounds there are various degrees of sharpness in her photo series. The artist has lightened the flesh tones. The color nuances of the sky pick up on those of the faces. The result is that the observer’s eyes are constantly oscillating between the two image planes, thus connecting them. The planar character of the photographs is accentuated. “For me it is all about the contrasting of individual elements and the merging of planes – and in the figurative sense of linking levels of reality.”²

Melanie Wiora’s pictures apparently do not show direct likenesses of the persons she has photographed. They have been consciously arranged and thus go above and beyond simple portraiture. The portrayed have been idealized by the post-processing; wrinkles or irregularities have disappeared from the faces through the lightening process. Through this treatment the fairly ordinary faces appear to be lost in reverie. They come close to ideal images. The artist has concentrated on young people because they are still in a transitional stage of human development and have not yet been marked by life.

The painting tradition taught us that background motifs can also provide us with information about the subject of the portrait. In “Outside is in me” we see – apart from a few exceptions – basically interchangeable modern architectural styles. These are deserted places – one could say non-places or transitional spaces. They emphasize the situations in which these young people find themselves, being ‘on the way’ or ‘en route’, a stage during which so much is still open. It is not by the concrete pictorial symbols that the individuals are bestowed their character, but rather by aesthetic values achieved through the use of colors, forms and compositional lines. The subject’s character remains vague and is left to the sympathy of the artist and the empathy of the viewer to discern. “I want to focus my pictures on the essentials. Therefore, during the course of my portrait work and human representations I repeatedly pose myself anew the basic question of what a portrait really is. I try to ascertain which characteristics a picture must contain in order to create the impression that you are looking at a person and you recognize something in him or her.”³ The individual pictures from “Outside is in me” are, in the end, surfaces on which to project oneself, open to gathering the experiences, ideas and longings of every individual.

For the media theoretician Vilém Flusser, perception is also subject to the laws of entropy. We notice only what is unusual and new, yet only for a certain period of time. What was once new does not stay new for long. After a phase of habituation, it cools off and is overlooked. On this premise, aesthetics appears to be caught between the pole of unattainable density in the uniqueness of a big bang and that of absolute indifference.¹ Considered from this point of view, man’s work, art, culture, religion and even science would be seen as strivings against indifference, disregard and neglect. Photography and, in particular, artistic photography such as Melanie Wiora’s is also involved in this pursuit. For Vilém Flusser, pictures taken by cameras and the written word participate in the interaction with symbolic images and concepts and thus in the struggle for the possibilities of new awareness. The task of photography, according to Flusser’s theory, would be to have the programs in the cameras submit to human intention. The best type of photography would be that “by which the photographer subjects the camera’s program to his or her own human objective.”²

In her new series Outside is in me, Wiora focuses her efforts against the apparatus by digitally enhancing the pictures which are produced with the help of the camera’s programs, and converting them into new, intensive and dense pictures poised between external and internal perception. The series, which presents the photographs in square format, shows portraits of people who are cut off by the outer edge of the picture and are posed in front of fragmented landscapes that are reduced to but a few elements such as skyscrapers, poles with power lines and neon signs. The scenes appear to be teetering between intentional staging and unintentional notation. We do not know whether the portrayed people are looking inside themselves, nowhere or some place the viewer cannot behold. The background settings and the facial images are placed in direct relationship to one another. The consciously highlighted elements in the pictures generate the impression of something like a net or tissue. In the piece entitled Anne a no longer clearly demarcated bent red line — perhaps the painted parapet of a modern industrial or residential building — picks up the hovering, wavy, up and down form of the upper lip of the protagonist. The red letters of the neon sign of a motel pick up the vertical line of her nose and the digitally intensified gray-blue of the clouds picks up the color of her left eye. The power lines from the industrial landscape weave her face into the ensemble. The intensified color values gray-blue, white and red take the plasticity from the landscape and the face and make both them appear two-dimensional. The facial image becomes like the cityscape. The conscious blurriness in the foreground and background, the missing middle distance and the seemingly shallow three-dimensionality cause the foreground and background planes to appear to penetrate one another and allow the impression of intangibility to develop. The otherwise clear demarcations between inside and outside, landscape and visage, man and nature run together. However, the portrait and the landscape do not dissolve into one another entropically, but strengthen each other, increasing their density. Wiora’s digitally enhanced picture makes us aware of an intensified view of reality, “which includes psychological conditions and the subconscious. Aside from the rendition of the outward appearance comes an inner view …, the intermediate area which comes into being through the interaction of these two experiences.”³ Wiora thus creates pictures with her camera against its programming which apparently do not determine the understanding of man and nature but leave it open for other perceptions. The picture does not place itself between man and his world but opens our eyes to facets of it that we have never beheld before. Melanie Wiora’s series thus awakens our awareness for the other side of reality.

Most of what we define as reality is perceived by our eyes. We try to classify what we see by comparing it to our memories and experiences. The resulting associations are a substantial component of my artistic work. In my pictures, I have examined transitions and temporary states, which imply something beyond the outer appearance and confront them with an inward view.

The eyes play a very important part in my photographic series Present - Absent, Personal Reflections and Outside is in me. The people portrayed in them look through the viewer or ‘offstage’ to a distant place outside of the pictures. In so doing, they see something that the viewer does not see. Or the eyes themselves are surfaces for reflecting and altering reality.

In my series of portraits Present - Absent, the faces look straight ahead at the viewer. Nevertheless, their view cannot be grasped. It leads us far into the distance. The people are always depicted in the same way: frontally, before a dark background. From the facial gestures one can read nothing that is momentary and little that is individual. Any expression resulting from a situation withdraws to make room for an enduring and timeless one. Never quite here and yet never totally gone, the subjects of the portraits appear suddenly to surface from the dark, only to sink right back into it again.

The people and landscapes of my photographic series Personal Reflections appear both familiar and yet still unknown. Upon closer observation, it becomes clear that the pictures are of reflections in an eye. With the camera on my eye, I take the pictures in the moment of perception. The pictures are distorted by the form of the eye and are changed in their three-dimensionality. The color of the iris and the pupil partially permeate what has been seen. These fragments of the body create relationships to the individual picture sequences and allow the photographs to become glimpses into a transformed world.

In my most recent work, Outside is in me, parts of the faces are seen interacting with the fragments of the landscape. Their view is directed ‘offstage’. The pictures are snapshots, which do not reveal much about the individuals but portray them as isolated and singular. The details of their faces and the fragments of the landscape confront one another. They give indications of the people and information about the rest of the landscape. The relationship between them is important to me: that of an eye to the window of a building, or that of a cloud’s structure to shades of the skin. It is all about the contrasting of individual elements and the merging of levels — and in the figurative sense of linking levels of reality.

All three photographic series — Present - Absent, Personal Reflections and Outside is in me — sever their ties with the documentary character of the photographed. In them I would like to make the viewer conscious of the fact that they are likenesses of reality. While that happens in the series Present - Absent and Outside is in me through the digital treatment after the fact, the pictures in Personal Reflections are transformed by the nature of the picture.

I want to focus my pictures on the essentials. Therefore, during the course of my portrait work and human representations I repeatedly pose myself anew the basic question of what a portrait really is. I try to ascertain which characteristics a picture must contain in order to create the impression that you are looking at a person and you recognize something in him or her. The viewer’s own associations should bring the picture into focus. Thus, everyone sees something into them. And sometimes, one person sees something the other does not.

In “Melanie Wiora – Beyond the Moment”, catalogue, Helmut A. Müller (editor), Edition Hospitalhof Stuttgart, 2005

When we approach people, we look into their eyes – an ancient reflex for the precautionary prevention of aggressions or for starting an erotic relationship. What they see in the other’s eyes depends on focusing their eyes, once again a very intimate act – making contact long before speaking. We usually look at the other person’s iris, registering its color and the pupil’s dilation, from which excitement, fatigue or attractiveness of the other are inferred. In certain circumstances, the other’s eyes may show one’s own reflection – though the two must be very close for that. The invitation to look another person in the eyes is made only after that first moment of meeting has passed, which is so important for the connection of the people to one another.

This moment lasts an average of seven-tenths of a second. Then the two people know whether they want to draw closer or to move away from each other. At this point all the information needed by the body for its protection is computed – and then the amygdala can authorize the processing of what has been seen in the frontal lobe and compare it to particles of memory or metaphor in Wernicke’s area. Interest, happiness, disgust, fright: The conclusions depend on these first impressions. Yet they also form what becomes the afterimage in the brain – and this is where art begins. For it is this which makes the afterimage into a symbol of the uniqueness of the reflected existence.

It is precisely this initial moment which Melanie Wiora presents in her pictures, and it makes her work so fascinating, particularly in the selection of her subjects and motifs. Where landscapes, stairs and buildings were reflected in Melanie Wiora’s eye in her early Eyescapes, in her Personal Reflections the object is now a situation characterized by human beings and one resulting from their actions. Finding the exceptional in the general aspect of these situations is a common theme of photographic art in our time: Brief encounters in the street, everyday manual labor such as unloading a truck, waiting at an intersection for the light to change, and people passing each other can be found again as constant motives in the works of Thomas Struth and Beat Streuli as well as in the paintings of Eric Fischl and Lisa Ruyters. Melanie Wiora shares with these artists the view of the specific or special aspect of a gesture or of a posture which develops into art the moment it is seen – and yet her view is more subjective and more personal; it no longer strives toward abstraction and generalization like the art of the 1990s.

The reflected view is always framed by the artist’s eyelashes and by a likeness of the reflection in her iris which forms the lower contour of the picture’s composition. By using eyelashes, Melanie Wiora’s pictures refer to an old view of the history of art and architecture, that of the eye as a curtain in a theater. The most compelling version of this view was drawn by the revolutionary architect Claude-Nicolas Ledoux in 1775 with his theater of Besançon, exactly like Melanie Wiora’s experimental order, though without color and in precise focus. From there it is but a small step to the slicing of the eyeball in the opening sequence of the movie un chien andalou, made by Luis Buñuel and Salvador Dalí in 1928, which, for its part, has much in common with the closeness of the examination with the eye used by Melanie Wiora. But Melanie Wiora spares us from the all too sharp focus of Ledoux and Buñuel through the technique of her picture-taking procedure and the honesty with which she only slightly processes her pictures. Yet even Ledoux’s pictorial view into the theatrum mundi is a quotation, which picks up on the earliest evidence of the history of pictures and art: the curtain in front of every picture of the classical antiquity, which was drawn aside in order to present the work in view of the public. In the contest between Zeuxis and Parrhasios, the young challenger simply painted a curtain, behind which could be hidden anything that could present itself to the painter’s eye and therefore be paintable. Old Zeuxis admitted his defeat, without ever knowing what could have been behind the painted curtain. Today, we can see just as little behind the reflections in the eyes of Melanie Wiora to learn which aspects of the picture have been processed in her brain. Something else connects Melanie Wiora to the painting of the antiquity or of modern times: colorfulness.

Her pictures are in color, actually in a slightly misty cyan hue, which is characteristic of looking at a wet mirror. The reflections of such surfaces can be found in everyday life in oily puddles and were, in color or black-and-white, an important topic after 1950 of a German “subjective photography” as the first movement toward an integration of photography in the arts after the Second World War. The characteristic features of the colored reflection refers to the physical phenomena of surface tension, which enjoyed a broad reception particularly in the German-speaking art world of the 1960s and 1970s, from the architecture of the finite elements to the pneumatic works of the Viennese actionists. In art as well as in the sciences, fluid surface tensions have become a metaphor for a fleeting transitional state that offers unusual possibilities for perception – corresponding to the moment.

The reflections of the people and situations in the pictures are circulinearly curved; they are endowed with the perspective that was discovered by the architects Albert Flocon and Andreas Feininger around 1950 to be the actual, natural one, resulting in the triumphant advances of the so-called fish-eye lens. This perspective, too, has a long media history behind it, which has left its traces in Melanie Wiora’s work – from André Kertész’s mirror-image distortion to the panoramic-world constructions of Jeffrey Shaw and Miroslav Rogala. However, while the latter artists consider the software and the process of the picture-creation initiated by it to be almost more important than the aesthetic result itself, Melanie Wiora – with her basic look in the eye – refers more to the fundamental experience of that look – of every look – and its orientation in the room.

After a second glance at Melanie Wiora’s pictures, it becomes clear – from the similarity of the eyelashes – that it is the eye of the artist into which one looks while viewing the picture. It is no longer the framing by means of a self-portrait but an act of extreme intimacy because we as observers come within inches of her, and in spite of the more or less average size of the pictures, they have a rather frightfully monumental effect. What is reflected in the artist’s eye may be an everyday scene. However, through the alignment as the picture is taken, the gaze is literally fixed and becomes a metaphor of every possible human encounter. The idea of an unbearable physical closeness is softened both by the fuzziness which is naturally caused by the reflection in the eye’s liquid, and also by the extreme close-up views of the camera which are the nature of such pictures. Slight waves of the eye’s surface in the image, the more or less strong spatial curvature of the round pupil, and the occasional, technically induced motion blurs create the distance from what is happening that makes possible the perception of the image as an image.

Thus, Melanie Wiora succeeds with a small step in making a great effect. When observers have begun to become aware of the technique and form of the picture’s creation process, they recognize the fundamental meaning of the depicted situation. In the afterimage of the second glance at the finished picture, there is a movement of the everyday situation into the metaphorical, fundamental nature of art through the choice of a genuine process in the creation of the picture. With this, Melanie Wiora has succeeded in a rare and certainly successful strategy of structuring that which may be described as a post-medial construction of art: a work in the media that reaches beyond the medial effect and, in its presentation, refers back to the individual work.

In “Melanie Wiora – Beyond the Moment”, catalogue, Helmut A. Müller (editor), Edition Hospitalhof Stuttgart, 2005

The camera approaches, zooming in so close to the body that a solitary eye ultimately remains visible. The eye belongs to the photographer and reflects the rest of the world for us. Using a digital camera, Melanie Wiora lines up her own eye in her sights. It is near enough to render visible the images reflected by its outer membrane. Instead of portraying the rest of the world in detail, however, the eye's colours and contours resolve the reflections to an extent where only fragments remain at the surface. Other components appear to recede into the depths and send back impressions.

Involuntarily, the beholder attempts to enhance and define the images more sharply with personal associations in order to translate them into new cognitive structures: "I'm interested in creating pictures which provide viewers with insights. Not confined purely to visual perception, the pictures also rouse the imagination and memories", says Melanie Wiora. She selects simple titles for her photographs, such as Houses, Path, Bridge, By the Water and In the Mountains. Instead of offering viewers abridged accounts of scenes, these expressions focus attention on visual content and trigger processes of inspection and interpretation.

The themes are familiar, yet the context so indefinite so as to prompt more detailed recall: A forked tree with a row of tall trees in the background, a narrow stony brook between gently rolling hillocks, a steep staircase, a house at the top left? The eye serves as a window, not always clearly indicating whether the aperture is directed inwards or outwards. The eyelashes sweeping in from the upper edge of the picture open up the multi-layered visual space, creating an interplay between both spheres of reality.

The idea that photography provides a documentary record of material being is negated by the photographs from the start. Melanie Wiora uses photography in conjunction with her own resources, perspective selections and computer-aided post-processing techniques to result in transformations which no longer permit an unmistakable construal of vision and reality. Various image and depth layers slide across each other on the eye's thin membrane. Although the individual image sources are identifiable, their respective contributions to the overall picture cannot be clearly described.

Supplemented and accompanied by personal pictures and ideas, the photographs are lent a tangible, subjective character far exceeding the scope of their determinate, visual substance.

Melanie Wiora leads viewers to the outer reaches of optical sensory perception which continue to unfold and become sharper the more closely they are observed. All told, a scrutiny and evaluation of Melanie Wiora's photographs reveal that, in the beginning, the world is in the eye of the beholder.

In “Melanie Wiora – Eyescapes”, catalogue, Franz Dudenhöffer (editor), Kunstverein Speyer, Bild & Kunst, 2003